7/21/02
Flaws in U.S. Air War Left Hundreds of Civilians Dead
Sun Jul 21, 3:25 PM ET
By DEXTER FILKINS The New York Times
KABUL, Afghanistan ( news - web sites) The American air campaign in Afghanistan,
based on a high-tech, out-of-harm's-way strategy, has produced a pattern
of mistakes that have killed hundreds of Afghan civilians.
On-site reviews of 11 locations where airstrikes killed as many as 400 civilians
suggest that American commanders have sometimes relied on mistaken information
from local Afghans. Also, the Americans' preference for airstrikes instead
of riskier ground operations has cut off a way of checking the accuracy of
the intelligence.
The reviews, over a six-month period, found that the Pentagon ( news - web
sites)'s use of overwhelming force meant that even when truly military targets
were located, civilians were sometimes killed. The 11 sites visited accounted
for many of the principal places where Afghans and human rights groups claim
that civilians have been killed.
Pentagon officials say their strategy has evolved in recent months away from
airstrikes to the use of ground forces to hunt down remaining fighters for
the Taliban and Al Qaeda. Since then, air power has been deployed in mostly
a supporting role; still, the effects have often been disastrous.
The American attack this month on villages in Oruzgan Province, where airstrikes
killed at least 54 civilians, has crystallized a sense of anger here is undermining
the good will the United States gained by helping to dislodge the Taliban.
That anger is threatening to frustrate America's ability to hunt down Taliban
and Qaeda forces that still survive.
For the first time, Afghan leaders are demanding a say in how air raids are
conducted. They are even hinting that if the mistakes continue, they may
limit America's future military activities.
"We have to be given a larger role," said Dr. Abdullah, the Afghan foreign
minister, in an interview. "If things do not improve, well, I will certainly
pray for the Americans and wish them success, but I will no longer be able
to take part in this."
The Pentagon often relies on information from warlords and other Afghans
whose loyalties are unclear in a country riven by decades of war and tribal
rivalries. That information may be incomplete or inaccurate, and sometimes
even deliberately misleading. As a result, the Pentagon's critics say, the
military has too often struck without a full understanding of what it was
attacking.
American military commanders insist they take pains to ensure that civilians
are spared, often verifying their targets with several sources of information.
In many of the cases cited here, they insisted that they struck valid military
targets. Often, despite evidence on the ground, they denied that civilians
were killed.
Indeed, the American commanders reject the notion that they may be placing
too much reliance on Afghan warlords for information, or too much reliance
on air power to carry out their strategy.
"We painstakingly assess the potential for injuring civilians or damaging
civilian facilities, and positively identify targets before striking," said
Col. Ray Shepherd, the spokesman for the United States Central Command in
Tampa, Fla.
Nonetheless, American officials acknowledged that the botched strike in Oruzgan
has strained relationships with Afghanistan. They said that since the raid,
they have changed procedures. "We want to ensure that coordination with Afghan
leaders is complete prior to an action," Colonel Shepherd said.
The war in Afghanistan is not the first time that differences have risen
between what pilots thought they hit and what was found on the ground later.
Nor is it the first time that questions have risen about civilian casualties
from American airstrikes.
After 78 days of airstrikes over Serbia in 1999, American military officials
conceded that damage to the Yugoslav Army was far less extensive than originally
thought. In those raids, Human Rights Watch, an American organization, said
at least 500 civilians had been killed.
American commanders say they have not kept track of civilian deaths in Afghanistan,
but they say their strategy has succeeded. Earlier this year, Gen. Tommy
R. Franks, the head of Central Command, called the Afghan campaign "the most
accurate war ever fought in this nation's history." The military also takes
solace in relatively low American casualties, including 37 soldiers killed.
Indeed, the extraordinary accuracy of American airstrikes since they began
in October has produced few of the types of disasters that plagued past wars,
when bombs aimed at one target hit something else instead. In one of those
cases here last November, an American bomb aimed at a building that was thought
to harbor a senior Taliban military commander, Jalaluddin Haqqani, hit a
mosque.
A reporter visiting the mosque after the strike found evidence to substantiate
Afghans' claim that at least 65 civilians died. American military officials
acknowledged that the mosque had been struck in error, but a senior American
military official was not able to give the precise number of dead.
Those kinds of incidents have been rare. Instead, the evidence suggests that
many civilians have been killed by airstrikes hitting precisely the target
they were aimed at. The civilians died, the evidence suggests, because they
were were made targets by mistake, or because in eagerness to kill Qaeda
and Taliban fighters, Americans did not carefully differentiate between civilians
and military targets.
Field workers with Global Exchange, an American organization that has sent
survey teams into Afghan villages, say they have compiled a list of 812 Afghan
civilians who were killed by American airstrikes. They say they expect that
number to grow as their survey teams reach more remote villages.
Marla Ruzicka, a Global Exchange field worker in Afghanistan, said the most
common factor in the civilian deaths had been an American reliance on incomplete
information to decide on targets.
"Smart bombs are only as smart as people on the ground," Ms. Ruzicka said.
"Before you bomb, you should be 100 percent certain of who you are bombing."
The most recent errant strike, around the village of Kakrak in Oruzgan Province,
appears to have resulted from a reliance on faulty intelligence and the use
of sudden and excessive force in trying to kill people who the American pilots
thought were enemy fighters.
On July 1, during an operation to hunt Taliban leaders, an American AC-130
gunship attacked four villages around the hamlet of Kakrak. American soldiers
later found villagers gathering up the limbs of their neighbors. Local officials
counted 54 dead, most of them women and children, and at least 120 wounded.
American pilots fired on Kakrak after Special Operations forces on the ground
reported seeing antiaircraft guns firing, military officials said. According
to the villagers, there were two engagement parties that night, and some
of the men were firing their guns in celebration, an Afghan tradition. The
Americans said their planes had been fired on, but the villagers denied aiming
at anything.
American officials have acknowledged that the raid killed innocents, and they have sent a team to the village to investigate.
But the larger issue for Afghans is what the Americans were doing there in
the first place, and why they attacked the villages with such ferocity. As
in past cases, they say the Americans relied on bad information, from an
Afghan intelligence official from another tribe, and that they fired their
guns before they were sure whom they were shooting at.
"The Americans are not from here and they don't know our traditions or our
enemies and who has enemies," said Jan Muhammad, the governor of Oruzgan
Province, who spent three years in jail under the Taliban. "So they should
contact us first and check first."
The American military says that Special Operations forces operated in the
area for some weeks, taking heavy fire from parts of the province including
the area near Kakrak, and that that is what led them to Kakrak.
The raid on July 1 was the sixth since January that the United States had
carried out to hunt Taliban leaders in southern Afghanistan. So far, Americans
have not detained even a single important Taliban leader but have killed
more than 80 people.
In Kakrak, five men were arrested. Among the homes hit there was that of
Abdul Malik, who fought with Hamid Karzai, now Afghanistan's president, last
fall when he launched a local campaign to oust the Taliban. Mr. Malik lost
25 family members.
"Every time they say that they will coordinate more," Mr. Muhammad said,
referring to American commanders. "They killed my people in Oruzgan, and
they said they would not make a mistake again and that they would contact
us first. Then they did it again."
What angered Afghans like Mr. Muhammad, and Westerners working in the area,
is what they described as a trigger-happy American approach. No Americans
entered the village before the planes opened fire. Once called in, the American
AC-130 gunship, which employs machine guns and heavy cannons, strafed four
villages.
"Two questions remain: why they attacked with such force, and what precautionary
moves do they take to differentiate between civilians and Al Qaeda and Taliban,"
said a Western aid official working in southern Afghanistan. "They attacked
quite a big area, four villages, and you cannot just assume that everyone
there is the enemy."
The pattern of striking with maximum force on questionable targets began
months before, when American planes attacked an ammunition dump in the village
of Niazi Qala, 50 miles south of Kabul, and wiped out the entire village.
A United Nations ( news - web sites) spokeswoman said 52 people died there.
Local Afghans said Taliban leaders had moved a large store of ammunition
to Niazi Qala, fearing that the American planes would find it if they left
it stored in a fort in Gardez, the provincial capital.
The American planes found it anyway, striking Niazi Qala on the night of Dec. 29.
A reporter visiting the village a month after the attack found no sign, apart
from remnants of the ammunition depot, of Al Qaeda or the Taliban.
Seven months later, with summer in full bloom, the town stood lifeless. Six
survivors from Niazi Qala live in a nearby village, among them, Ahmed Gul,
a 13-year-old boy with an ill-fitting plastic eye, and his 12-year-old cousin,
Lal Muhammad, his torso crisscrossed with scars.
"All the Americans had to do was come here, and they could have seen for
themselves that there were no Taliban among us," said Janat Gul, one of the
survivors.
An American military official interviewed about Niazi Qala did not deny that
civilians were killed there, but he insisted that the village had been a
base for Taliban and Qaeda fighters. "This compound was in use by Taliban
and Al Qaeda senior leadership," he said. The official did not name who those
senior officials might have been.
Hajji Saifullah, the leader of the Gardez ruling council, said the Americans
had relied on faulty intelligence provided by a local warlord, Padsha Khan
Zadran.
Mr. Zadran, who was then vying to become governor of the area, told the Americans
to strike the town in order to eliminate a village that had refused to support
him, Mr. Saifullah said.
"The Americans got it completely wrong," Mr. Saifullah said in an interview.
"Those people were not Al Qaeda. The Americans are listening to the wrong
people."
One of the most deadly of the questionable American raids came when Mr. Zadran
apparently used his influence with the Americans to call in a strike on his
political foes.
On Dec. 20, according to rival Afghan commanders in Gardez, Mr. Zadran ordered
fighters at a checkpoint south of the city to halt a convoy of tribal elders
from Khost who were heading to Kabul for the inauguration of the new interim
government. They demanded that the elders pressure Mr. Karzai to appoint
Mr. Zadran the governor of Paktia, Paktika and Khost Provinces. The elders,
Afghans in Gardez say, refused.
A few hours later, the convoy of elders was hit by a succession of American
attacks, which killed most of the occupants. The survivors scrambled up a
hill, toward the villages of Asmani and Pokharai, and the American planes,
circling back, struck both villages, destroying about 20 homes.
Rival warlords in Gardez say Mr. Zadran used his satellite phone to tell
the Americans that the convoy was filled with Qaeda fighters.
The Afghans insist, however, that the elders in the convoy supported Mr. Karzai's government.
A few weeks after the strike, two men from a nearby village who were found
sifting through the rubble of Asmani for their relatives' belongings said
they had buried 42 villagers after the strike.
The men were adamant that there had never been any Qaeda or Taliban fugitives there.
"I swear it, I collected all the bodies, and every one was a villager, somebody I knew," said Hajji Khial Khan, one of the men.
A senior American military commander said that both the convoy and the villages
were valid military targets filled with enemy forces, and that several senior
Taliban leaders were killed or wounded.
At Asmani, Akal Khan Kharakhel, one of the men rummaging through the ruins,
was asked what lesson the Americans might draw from what happened. He did
not hesitate.
"The Americans' big mistake," he said, "was to give satellite telephones
to a man who has only one interest, and not the same one as the Americans."